Turnips
[I am not a Nutritionist nor am I a Doctor, and nothing on this website should be taken as medical advice. All statements made are simply my opinion.]
Turnips (Brassica rapa)
Turnips are a nutritious and versatile root vegetable that can be grown in a variety of climates. Known for their crisp texture and slightly peppery flavor, turnips are a popular addition to salads, soups, and stews. This guide will cover everything you need to know about growing turnips, from selecting the right variety to harvesting and storing your crop.
Turnips are biennial plants typically grown as annuals for their edible roots and greens. They belong to the Brassicaceae family, which includes other vegetables like cabbage, broccoli, and kale. Turnips are cool-season crops that thrive in cooler temperatures, making them ideal for spring and fall planting.
Nutritional Benefits:
Turnips are low in calories and high in nutrients. They are an excellent source of vitamin C, fiber, and several essential minerals, including potassium and calcium. The greens of the turnip plant are also edible and packed with nutrients, making them a valuable addition to your diet. A 100-gram serving of raw turnips contains approximately:
– Calories: 28
– Carbohydrates: 6.4 g
– Protein: 0.9 g
– Fat: 0.1 g
– Fiber: 1.8 g
– Vitamin C: 21 mg (about 35% of the daily recommended intake)
Choosing the Right Variety
There are several varieties of turnips, each with its unique characteristics. When selecting a variety, consider your climate, growing season, and intended use. Here are a few popular varieties:
– Purple Top White Globe: This is one of the most common varieties, known for its round shape and purple top. It has a mild flavor and is great for both cooking and raw consumption.
– Hakurei: A Japanese variety, Hakurei turnips are small, round, and white. They have a sweet flavor and tender texture, making them perfect for salads and stir-fries.
– Golden Globe: This variety has a yellowish skin and a sweet, mild flavor. It is excellent for roasting and can be stored well.
– Tokyo Cross: A hybrid variety that produces smooth, round roots with a sweet flavor. It is fast-growing and can be harvested young for baby turnips.
– Scarlet Turnip: This variety has a vibrant red skin and white flesh. It is known for its sweet flavor and is often used in salads.
Preparing the Soil
Turnips prefer well-drained, fertile soil with a pH level between 6.0 and 7.5. Before planting, it’s essential to prepare the soil properly.
Soil Testing
Conduct a soil test to determine the pH and nutrient levels. This will help you understand what amendments may be necessary to create optimal growing conditions. Soil testing kits are available at garden centers or through local agricultural extension offices.
Soil Amendments
– Organic Matter: Incorporate well-rotted compost or aged manure into the soil to improve fertility and drainage. Organic matter enhances soil structure and provides essential nutrients.
– Fertilizer: A balanced fertilizer (such as 10-10-10) can be applied according to soil test recommendations. Avoid excessive nitrogen, as it can lead to lush foliage with poor root development.
Tilling
Till the soil to a depth of at least 12 inches to break up compacted soil and improve aeration. Remove any rocks, weeds, or debris that may hinder root growth. A well-aerated soil promotes healthy root development and improves drainage.
Planting Turnips
Timing
Turnips are cool-season crops that can be planted in early spring or late summer for a fall harvest. The ideal soil temperature for germination is between 50°F and 85°F (10°C to 29°C). In many regions, you can plant turnips in early spring for a summer harvest and again in late summer for a fall harvest.
Sowing Seeds
1. Direct Seeding: Turnips are best grown from seeds sown directly into the garden. Plant seeds about 1/2 inch deep and 1 inch apart in rows spaced 12 to 18 inches apart.
2. Thinning: Once seedlings emerge, thin them to about 4 to 6 inches apart to allow enough space for the roots to develop. Thinning can be done when the seedlings are about 2 inches tall. This step is crucial for ensuring that each turnip has enough room to grow to its full size.
Transplanting Seedlings
If you prefer to start seeds indoors, you can transplant seedlings outdoors after they have developed a few true leaves. Be sure to harden off the seedlings by gradually exposing them to outdoor conditions for about a week before transplanting. This process helps reduce transplant shock.
Caring for Turnips
Watering
Turnips require consistent moisture for optimal growth. Water the plants regularly, especially during dry spells. Aim for about 1 inch of water per week, either from rainfall or irrigation. It’s essential to keep the soil evenly moist but not waterlogged, as excessive moisture can lead to root rot.
Watering Tips:
– Water early in the morning to reduce evaporation and fungal diseases.
– Use soaker hoses or drip irrigation to deliver water directly to the soil, minimizing water on the foliage.
– Mulching around the plants can help retain soil moisture and suppress weeds.
Weeding
Weeds compete with turnips for nutrients and water, so it’s crucial to keep the planting area free of weeds. Hand-pulling or using a hoe can effectively manage weeds.
Weeding Tips:
– Apply a layer of organic mulch (such as straw or grass clippings) around the plants to suppress weed growth and retain moisture.
– Be careful when weeding to avoid disturbing the shallow roots of the turnips.
Fertilization
If you didn’t apply fertilizer at planting, consider side-dressing with a balanced fertilizer about four weeks after sowing. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions for application rates.
Fertilization Tips:
– Look for fertilizers that are low in nitrogen and higher in phosphorus and potassium, as this will promote root development rather than excessive leaf growth.
– If you notice yellowing leaves, it may indicate a nutrient deficiency, and a light application of fertilizer may be necessary.
Pest and Disease Management
Turnips can be susceptible to pests such as aphids, flea beetles, and root maggots. Monitor your plants regularly and take action if you notice any signs of infestation.
Common Pests:
– Aphids: These small insects can be controlled with insecticidal soap or neem oil. They can also attract ants, so managing aphids can help reduce ant populations.
– Flea Beetles: Use row covers to protect young plants or apply diatomaceous earth to deter these pests. Flea beetles can create small holes in the leaves, which can affect plant health.
– Root Maggots: Crop rotation and proper soil management can help prevent root maggot infestations. You can also use floating row covers to protect seedlings.
Common Diseases:
– Downy Mildew: This fungal disease can cause yellowing leaves and stunted growth. Ensure good air circulation and avoid overhead watering to minimize humidity.
– Black Rot: A bacterial disease that causes yellowing and wilting of leaves. Practice crop rotation and remove infected plants to prevent spread.
Harvesting Turnips
When to Harvest
Turnips can be harvested at various stages, depending on your preference. Young, small turnips (baby turnips) can be harvested about 30-40 days after planting, while larger turnips typically take 60-90 days to reach full size.
Signs of Maturity:
– The tops of the turnips should be visible above the soil surface.
– The roots should feel firm and have a smooth texture.
– For larger varieties, the size should be about 2-4 inches in diameter.
How to Harvest
To harvest turnips, gently loosen the soil around the roots with a garden fork or spade. Be careful not to damage the roots. Grasp the turnip by the leaves and pull it out of the ground.
Harvesting Tips:
– Harvest in the morning when the soil is moist, as this can make it easier to pull the roots.
– If you plan to store turnips, avoid washing them until you are ready to use them, as excess moisture can lead to rot.
Storing Turnips
Short-Term Storage
Turnips can be stored in the refrigerator for a short period. Place unwashed turnips in a plastic bag or container with ventilation holes to maintain humidity. They can last for about 1-2 weeks in the refrigerator.
Long-Term Storage
For longer storage, consider the following methods:
– Root Cellaring: Store turnips in a cool, dark, and humid environment, such as a root cellar. Place them in a box or bin filled with sand or sawdust to help retain moisture and prevent sprouting. They can last for several months under these conditions.
– Freezing: Turnips can be blanched and frozen for long-term storage. To freeze turnips:
1. Wash and peel the turnips.
2. Cut them into cubes or slices.
3. Blanch in boiling water for 2-3 minutes.
4. Cool in ice water, drain, and pack in airtight containers or freezer bags.
5. Label and store in the freezer.
Culinary Uses for Turnips
Turnips are incredibly versatile and can be used in various dishes. Here are some popular ways to enjoy turnips:
– Raw: Young,
young turnips can be sliced thinly and added to salads for a crunchy texture and peppery flavor. They can also be grated and used in slaws or as a garnish.
– Roasted: Cut turnips into wedges or cubes, toss them with olive oil, salt, and your favorite herbs, and roast them in the oven at 400°F (200°C) until tender and caramelized. Roasting enhances their natural sweetness.
– Mashed: Boil or steam turnips until tender, then mash them with butter, cream, salt, and pepper for a delicious side dish. You can also mix them with potatoes for a flavorful twist on traditional mashed potatoes.
– Soups and Stews: Turnips can be added to soups and stews for added flavor and nutrition. They pair well with other root vegetables and can be used in hearty winter dishes.
– Pickled: Turnips can be pickled for a tangy snack or condiment. Simply slice them and soak them in a vinegar solution with spices for a few days.
– Turnip Greens: Don’t forget about the greens! Turnip greens are edible and can be sautéed with garlic and olive oil, added to soups, or used in salads. They are rich in vitamins A, C, and K.
Companion Planting
Companion planting can help improve the growth and health of your turnips. Some beneficial companions for turnips include:
– Legumes: Beans and peas can fix nitrogen in the soil, benefiting turnips and other nearby plants.
– Onions and Garlic: These plants can help deter pests that may affect turnips.
– Cabbage Family: Other members of the Brassica family, such as kale and broccoli, can be good companions, as they have similar growing requirements.
Plants to Avoid
Certain plants can compete with turnips for nutrients or attract pests. Avoid planting turnips near:
– Potatoes: They can compete for nutrients and may attract similar pests.
– Tomatoes: These plants can harbor diseases that may affect turnips.
Troubleshooting Common Issues
Yellowing Leaves
If your turnip leaves are turning yellow, it may indicate a nutrient deficiency, particularly nitrogen. Consider applying a balanced fertilizer or organic amendments to improve soil fertility.
Small or Poorly Developed Roots
If turnips are not growing to their expected size, it may be due to overcrowding, insufficient watering, or poor soil conditions. Ensure proper spacing, consistent moisture, and adequate soil fertility.
Pests and Diseases
Regularly inspect your plants for signs of pests or diseases. Early detection and intervention can prevent more significant issues. Use organic pest control methods whenever possible to minimize harm to beneficial insects and the environment.
Growing turnips can be a rewarding experience, providing you with a nutritious and versatile vegetable that can be enjoyed in various dishes. By selecting the right variety, preparing the soil, and providing proper care, you can successfully cultivate turnips in your garden. With their numerous culinary uses and health benefits, turnips are a valuable addition to any home garden.
Whether you’re a seasoned gardener or a beginner, this comprehensive guide should equip you with the knowledge needed to grow turnips successfully. Enjoy the process, and don’t hesitate to experiment with different varieties and recipes to make the most of your harvest! Happy gardening!